Oral Health & Tongue Cleaning Research References

• Beck J., Garcia R., Heiss G., Vokonas P.S., Offenbacher S. Periodontal Disease and Cardiovascular Disease J Periodontology 67(10 Suppl S): 1123-1137, 1996 Oct.
  
  
• Bosy A., Kulkarni G.V., Rosenberg M., et al. Relationship of oral malodor to periodontitis: evidence of independence in discrete populations. J Periodontology 1992; 63: 469-72.
  
  
• Chapek C.W., Reed O.K., Ratcliff P.A. Reduction of bleeding on probing by oral care products. Compend Cont Ed Dent. 1995; 16(2): 188-96
  
  
• Chapek C.W., Reed O.K., Ratcliff P.A. Management of periodontitis with oral-care products. Compend Cont Ed Dent. 1994; 15(6): 740-46.
  
  
• Christen A.G., Swanson B.Z. Oral hygiene: a history of tongue scraping and brushing. J Am Dent Assoc 1978: 96(2): 215-9.
  
  
• Christensen, G.J. Why Clean Your Tongue? J Am Dent Assoc 1998 Nov; 129: 1605-07.
  
  
• Claycomb C.K., Shearer T.R. Malodors of the Mouth. J Oregon Dental Association Summer 1986: 34-35.
  
  
• De Boever E.H. De Uzeda M., Loesche W.J. Relationship between volatile sulfur compounds, BANA-hydrolyzing bacteria and gingival health in patients with and without complaints of oral malodor. J Clin Dent 1994; 4: 114-19.
  
  
• De Boever E.H. Loesche W.J. Assessing the contribution of anaerobic microflora of the tongue to oral malodor. J Am Dent Assoc 1995; 126: 1384-93.
  
  
• DeStefano F., Anda R.F., Kahn H.S., Williamson D.F., Russell C.M. Dental Disease and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality British Medical Journal 1993 Mar 13; 306(6879): 688-91.
  
  
• Durham T.M., Mallory T., Hodges E.D. Halitosis: Knowing when "bad breath" signals systemic disease. Geriatrics 1993; 48(8)August: 55-59.
  
  
• Garcia R.I., Krall E.A., Vokonas P.S. Periodontal Disease and Mortality From All Causes in the VA Dental Longitudinal Study Ann Periodontol 1998 July; 3(1): 339-49.
  
  
• Herzberg M.C., Meyer M.W. Effects of oral flora on platelets: possible consequences in cardiovascular disease J Periodontology 1996 Oct; 67(10 Suppl): 1138-42.
  
  
• Johnson B.E. Halitosis, or the meaning of bad breath. J Gen Int Med 1992:7:649-56.
  
  
• Kleinberg I., Westbay G. Oral malodor. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1990; 1: 247-59.
  
  
• Kleinberg I., Westbay G. Salivary and metabolic factors involved in oral malodor formation. J Periodontology 1992; 63(9): 768-75.
  
  
• Krause K.K., Graham G.S., Stoffers K.W., Dennis M.A. The effectiveness of chlorine dioxide in the barrier system. Presented at the 1989 Thomas P. Hinman Meeting, Atlanta, GA.
  
  
• Loesche W.J. et al. Assessing the Relationship Between Dental Disease and Coronary Heart Disease in Elderly US Veterans J Am Dent Assoc 1998 Mar; 129(3): 301-11.
  
  
• Mattila K.J., Valle M.S., Nieminen M.S., Valtonen V.V., Hietaniemi K.L. Dental Infections and Coronary Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 103(2): 205-211, 1993 Nov.
  
  
• Mattila K.J. Dental Infections as a Risk Factor for Acute Myocardial Infarction. European Heart Journal 14(Suppl K): 51-53, 1993.
  
  
• McDowell J.D., Kassebaum D.K. Diagnosing and treating halitosis. Journal of the American Dental Association 1993: 124: 55-64.
  
  
• Mendez M.V., Scott T., LaMorte W., Vokonas P., Menzoian J.O. Garcia R. An Association Between Periodontal Disease and Peripheral Vascular Disease. Am J Surg 1998 Aug; 176(2): 153-7.
  
  
• Meyer D.H., Fivestaylor P.H. Oral Pathogens - From Dental Plaque to Cardiac Disease [Review] Current Opinion in Microbiology 1(1): 88-95, 1998 Feb.
  
  
• Morrison H.I, Ellison L.F., Taylor G.W. Periodontal disease and risk of fatal coronary heart and cerebrovascular diseases. J Cardiovasc Risk 1999 Feb; 6(1): 7-11.
  
  
• Ng W., Tonzetich J. Effect of hydrogen sulphide and methyl mercaptan on the permeability of oral mucosa. J Dent Res 1974; 63: 994-7.
  
  
• O'Heihir T. Ugh! What can we do about that awful morning mouth? RDH 1992 April; 12(4): 12.
  
  
• Prinz H. Offensive breath: its causes and prevention. Dent Cosmos 1930; 72: 700.
  
  
• Ratcliff P., Bolin V. Antimicrobial capacity of chlorine dioxide based toothpaste. Presented at IADR meeting, 1993.
  
  
• Ratcliff P., Bolin V. ClO2/phosphate germicide vs. Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans and Prophyromonas (bacteroides) gingivalis. Presented at the AADR meeting, 1992.
  
  
• Ratcliff P.A., Bolin V. Germicidal effect of povodine-iodine and ClO2 on dental pathogens. Presented at AADR meeting, 1987.
  
  
• Ratcliff P.A., Johnson P.W. The Relationship Between Oral Malodor, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis. A Review. J Periodontol 70(5): 485-89.
  
  
• Rosenberg M. Clincal assessment of bad breath: Current concepts. J Assoc Am Dent 1996; 127: 475-82.
  
  
• Rosenberg M. First International Workshop on Oral Malodor. J Dental Research 1994; 73(3): 586-89.
  
  
• Rosenberg M. Bad breath: Diagnosis and treatment. UTDJ 3(2): 7-11.
  
  
• Scully C. Porter S., Greenman J. What to do about halitosis. BMJ January 22, 1994; 308: 217-18.
  
  
• Seymour R.A., Steele J.G. Is There a Link Between Periodontal Disease and Coronary Heart Disease British Dental Journal 184(1): 33-38, 1998 Jan 10.
  
  
• Slots J. Casual or causal relationship between periodontal infection and non-oral disease? J Dent Res 1998 Oct; 77(10): 1764-5.
  
  
• Tessier J.F., Kulkarni G.V. Bad Breath: Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Oral Health 1991 October: 19-24.
  
  
• Tonzetich J. Production and origin of oral malodor: a review of mechanisms and methods of analysis. J Periodontol 1977; 48(1): 13-20.
  
  
• Touyz L.Z. Oral malodor- a review. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 1993; 59(7): 607-10.
  
  
• Vasilakis G.J., Preis C.O., Glaz J., Bissada N.F. Effects of daily mechanical tongue cleaning of the rat on dental plaque and tongue mucosa. Clin Prevent Dent 1981; 3(5): 7-10.
  
  
• Yaegaki K., Sanada K. Volatile sulphur compounds in mouth air from clinically healthy subjects and patients of periodontal disease. J Perio Res 1992; 27: 233-8.
  
  
• Yaegaki K., Sanada K. Biochemical and clinical factors influencing oral malodor in periodontal patients. J Periodontology 1992; 63(9): 783-9.